20 research outputs found
Neural network determination of parton distributions: the nonsinglet case
We provide a determination of the isotriplet quark distribution from
available deep--inelastic data using neural networks. We give a general
introduction to the neural network approach to parton distributions, which
provides a solution to the problem of constructing a faithful and unbiased
probability distribution of parton densities based on available experimental
information. We discuss in detail the techniques which are necessary in order
to construct a Monte Carlo representation of the data, to construct and evolve
neural parton distributions, and to train them in such a way that the correct
statistical features of the data are reproduced. We present the results of the
application of this method to the determination of the nonsinglet quark
distribution up to next--to--next--to--leading order, and compare them with
those obtained using other approaches.Comment: 46 pages, 18 figures, LaTeX with JHEP3 clas
Neural network parametrization of the lepton energy spectrum in semileptonic B meson decays
We construct a parametrization of the lepton energy spectrum in inclusive
semileptonic decays of B mesons, based on the available experimental
information: moments of the spectrum with cuts, their errors and their
correlations, together with kinematical constraints. The result is obtained in
the form of a Monte Carlo sample of neural networks trained on replicas of the
experimental data, which represents the probability density in the space of
lepton energy spectra. This parametrization is then used to extract the b quark
mass m_b^{1S} in a way that theoretical uncertainties are minimized, for which
the value m_b^{1S}=4.84 \pm 0.14^{exp}\pm 0.05^{th} GeV is obtained.Comment: 32 pages, 22 figures, JHEP3 class. v4 version accepted for
publication in JHE
Polarized Parton Distributions at an Electron-Ion Collider
We study the potential impact of inclusive deep-inelastic scattering data
from a future electron-ion collider (EIC) on longitudinally polarized parton
distribution (PDFs). We perform a PDF determination using the NNPDF
methodology, based on sets of deep-inelastic EIC pseudodata, for different
realistic choices of the electron and proton beam energies. We compare the
results to our current polarized PDF set, NNPDFpol1.0, based on a fit to
fixed-target inclusive DIS data. We show that the uncertainties on the first
moments of the polarized quark singlet and gluon distributions are
substantially reduced in comparison to NNPDFpol1.0, but also that more
measurements may be needed to ultimately pin down the size of the gluon
contribution to the nucleon spin.Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures. Two plots in Fig.5 added and discussion of
extrapolation uncertainties expanded. Final version, published in Phys. Lett.
Parton distributions: determining probabilities in a space of functions
We discuss the statistical properties of parton distributions within the
framework of the NNPDF methodology. We present various tests of statistical
consistency, in particular that the distribution of results does not depend on
the underlying parametrization and that it behaves according to Bayes' theorem
upon the addition of new data. We then study the dependence of results on
consistent or inconsistent datasets and present tools to assess the consistency
of new data. Finally we estimate the relative size of the PDF uncertainty due
to data uncertainties, and that due to the need to infer a functional form from
a finite set of data.Comment: 11 pages, 8 figures, presented by Stefano Forte at PHYSTAT 2011 (to
be published in the proceedings
PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN METODE PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF MAKE A MATCH TERHADAP
bstract: The purpose of this research is to looking for the influence of the using Cooperative learning type make a match to the student’s achievment. This research uses experiment method. The population is all students of 5 grade elementary school Wonogiri Wonogiri. The sample was selected using stratified cluster random sampling. The data resources focused in the achievement learning that gotten by pretest and posttest using questions test that had trough the research of validity, reability, difficulty index and ability of differentiation of question test. The pre-analytic of data are test of balance, normality test, and homogenity test. The technique of analytic of data that used to hipotesis test is t test. The result of the research can be concluded that there is a positif influence of using cooperative learning type make a match to the student’s achievement (t calculate > t table=56,691>2,00).
Abstrak: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh metode pembelajaran kooperatif make a match terhadap hasil belajar IPS. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen. Populasi penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas 5 SDN Wonogiri, Wonogiri. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan adalah stratified cluster random sampling. Sumber data difokuskan pada proses belajar dan hasil belajar yang diperoleh melalui pretest dan posttest dengan instrument soal yang telah melalui uji validitas, reabilitas, indeks kesukaran dan daya pembeda soal. Uji prasyarat analisis menggunakan uji keseimbangan, uji normalitas, uji homogenitas. Sedangkan teknik analisis data sebagai uji hipotesis memakai uji t. Hasil dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan ada pengaruh yang positif signifikan model pembelajaran kooperatif Make a Match terhadap hasil belajar IPS (t hitung > t tabel =56,691>2,00).
Kata Kunci: Pembelajaran Kooperatif, Make a Matc
Unbiased determination of polarized parton distributions and their uncertainties
We present a determination of a set of polarized parton distributions (PDFs)
of the nucleon, at next-to-leading order, from a global set of longitudinally
polarized deep-inelastic scattering data: NNPDFpol1.0. The determination is
based on the NNPDF methodology: a Monte Carlo approach, with neural networks
used as unbiased interpolants, previously applied to the determination of
unpolarized parton distributions, and designed to provide a faithful and
statistically sound representation of PDF uncertainties. We present our
dataset, its statistical features, and its Monte Carlo representation. We
summarize the technique used to solve the polarized evolution equations and its
benchmarking, and the method used to compute physical observables. We review
the NNPDF methodology for parametrization and fitting of neural networks, the
algorithm used to determine the optimal fit, and its adaptation to the
polarized case. We finally present our set of polarized parton distributions.
We discuss its statistical properties, test for its stability upon various
modifications of the fitting procedure, and compare it to other recent
polarized parton sets, and in particular obtain predictions for polarized first
moments of PDFs based on it. We find that the uncertainties on the gluon, and
to a lesser extent the strange PDF, were substantially underestimated in
previous determinations.Comment: 55 pages, 21 figure
A first determination of parton distributions with theoretical uncertainties
The parton distribution functions (PDFs) which characterize the structure of
the proton are currently one of the dominant sources of uncertainty in the
predictions for most processes measured at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC).
Here we present the first extraction of the proton PDFs that accounts for the
missing higher order uncertainty (MHOU) in the fixed-order QCD calculations
used in PDF determinations. We demonstrate that the MHOU can be included as a
contribution to the covariance matrix used for the PDF fit, and then introduce
prescriptions for the computation of this covariance matrix using scale
variations. We validate our results at next-to-leading order (NLO) by
comparison to the known next order (NNLO) corrections. We then construct
variants of the NNPDF3.1 NLO PDF set that include the effect of the MHOU, and
assess their impact on the central values and uncertainties of the resulting
PDFs
Unbiased determination of the proton structure function F_2^p with faithful uncertainty estimation
We construct a parametrization of the deep-inelastic structure function of the proton F_2 based on all available experimental information from charged lepton deep-inelastic scattering experiments. The parametrization effectively provides a bias-free determination of the probability measure in the space of structure functions, which retains information on experimental errors and correlations. The result is obtained in the form of a Monte Carlo sample of neural networks trained on an ensemble of replicas of the experimental data. We discuss in detail the techniques required for the construction of bias-free parameterizations of large amounts of structure function data, in view of future applications to the determination of parton distributions based on the same method.We construct a parametrization of the deep-inelastic structure function of the proton F_2 based on all available experimental information from charged lepton deep-inelastic scattering experiments. The parametrization effectively provides a bias-free determination of the probability measure in the space of structure functions, which retains information on experimental errors and correlations. The result is obtained in the form of a Monte Carlo sample of neural networks trained on an ensemble of replicas of the experimental data. We discuss in detail the techniques required for the construction of bias-free parameterizations of large amounts of structure function data, in view of future applications to the determination of parton distributions based on the same method
Parton distributions from high-precision collider data: NNPDF Collaboration
We present a new set of parton distributions, NNPDF3.1, which updates NNPDF3.0, the first global set of PDFs determined using a methodology validated by a closure test. The update is motivated by recent progress in methodology and available data, and involves both. On the methodological side, we now parametrize and determine the charm PDF alongside the light-quark and gluon ones, thereby increasing from seven to eight the number of independent PDFs. On the data side, we now include the D0 electron and muon W asymmetries from the final Tevatron dataset, the complete LHCb measurements of W and Z production in the forward region at 7 and 8 TeV, and new ATLAS and CMS measurements of inclusive jet and electroweak boson production. We also include for the first time top-quark pair differential distributions and the transverse momentum of the Z bosons from ATLAS and CMS. We investigate the impact of parametrizing charm and provide evidence that the accuracy and stability of the PDFs are thereby improved. We study the impact of the new data by producing a variety of determinations based on reduced datasets. We find that both improvements have a significant impact on the PDFs, with some substantial reductions in uncertainties, but with the new PDFs generally in agreement with the previous set at the one-sigma level. The most significant changes are seen in the light-quark flavor separation, and in increased precision in the determination of the gluon. We explore the implications of NNPDF3.1 for LHC phenomenology at Run II, compare with recent LHC measurements at 13 TeV, provide updated predictions for Higgs production cross-sections and discuss the strangeness and charm content of the proton in light of our improved dataset and methodology. The NNPDF3.1 PDFs are delivered for the first time both as Hessian sets, and as optimized Monte Carlo sets with a compressed number of replicas.V. B., N. H., J. R., L. R. and E. S. are supported by an European Research Council Starting Grant “PDF4BSM”. R. D. B. and L. D. D. are supported by the UK STFC grants ST/L000458/1 and ST/P000630/1. L. D. D. is supported by the Royal Society, Wolfson Research Merit Award, grant WM140078. S. F. is supported by the European Research Council under the Grant Agreement 740006NNNPDFERC-2016-ADG/ERC-2016-ADG. E. R. N. is supported by the UK STFC grant ST/M003787/1. S. C. is supported by the HICCUP ERC Consolidator grant (614577). M. U. is supported by a Royal Society Dorothy Hodgkin Research Fellowship and partially supported by the STFC grant ST/L000385/1. S. F and Z. K. are supported by the Executive Research Agency (REA) of the European Commission under the Grant Agreement PITN-GA-2012-316704 (HiggsTools). A. G. is supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 659128-NEXTGENPDF
Parton distributions with theory uncertainties: general formalism and first phenomenological studies
Abstract: We formulate a general approach to the inclusion of theoretical uncertainties, specifically those related to the missing higher order uncertainty (MHOU), in the determination of parton distribution functions (PDFs). We demonstrate how, under quite generic assumptions, theory uncertainties can be included as an extra contribution to the covariance matrix when determining PDFs from data. We then review, clarify, and systematize the use of renormalization and factorization scale variations as a means to estimate MHOUs consistently in deep inelastic and hadronic processes. We define a set of prescriptions for constructing a theory covariance matrix using scale variations, which can be used in global fits of data from a wide range of different processes, based on choosing a set of independent scale variations suitably correlated within and across processes. We set up an algebraic framework for the choice and validation of an optimal prescription by comparing the estimate of MHOU encoded in the next-to-leading order (NLO) theory covariance matrix to the observed shifts between NLO and NNLO predictions. We perform a NLO PDF determination which includes the MHOU, assess the impact of the inclusion of MHOUs on the PDF central values and uncertainties, and validate the results by comparison to the known shift between NLO and NNLO PDFs. We finally study the impact of the inclusion of MHOUs in a global PDF determination on LHC cross-sections, and provide guidelines for their use in precision phenomenology. In addition, we also compare the results based on the theory covariance matrix formalism to those obtained by performing PDF determinations based on different scale choices